BLDC motor Brushless DC motors

Brushless DC motor is a typical mechatronics product, which is composed of motor body and driver. Brushless motor refers to the motor without brush and commutator (or collector ring), also known as commutator free motor. As early as the birth of the motor in the 19th century, the practical motor produced is a brushless form, that is, the AC squirrel cage asynchronous motor, which has been widely used. However, asynchronous motors have many insurmountable defects, so that the development of motor technology is slow. The transistor was born in the middle of last century, so the brushless DC motor using transistor commutator circuit instead of brush and commutator came into being. This new brushless motor is called electronically commutated DC motor, which overcomes the shortcomings of the first generation of brushless motors.

Operating principle

Brushless DC motor is a typical mechatronics product, which is composed of motor body and driver. The stator winding of the motor is mostly made of three-phase symmetrical star connection, which is very similar to the three-phase asynchronous motor. A magnetized permanent magnet is attached to the rotor of the motor, and a position sensor is installed in the motor to detect the polarity of the rotor. The driver is composed of power electronic devices and integrated circuits, etc. Its function is: to accept the start, stop and brake signals of the motor to control the start, stop and brake of the motor; The position sensor signal and positive and negative turning signal are accepted to control the on-off of each power tube of the inverter bridge to generate continuous torque; Receive speed instructions and speed feedback signals to control and adjust the speed; Provide protection and display and more.

Dc motor has a fast response, large starting torque, from zero speed to rated speed can provide rated torque performance, but the advantages of DC motor is its disadvantage, because the DC motor to produce constant torque performance under rated load, the armature magnetic field and rotor magnetic field must be maintained at 90°, which is by carbon brush and commutator. The carbon brush and commutator will produce sparks and toner when the motor is rotating, so in addition to causing component damage, the use of the occasion is also limited. Ac motors have no carbon brush and commutator, are maintenance-free, robust, and widely used, but the characteristics must be achieved with complex control technology to achieve the performance equivalent to DC motors. Today, the rapid development of semiconductors power module switching frequency is much faster, improving the performance of the drive motor. The speed of the microprocessor is also getting faster and faster, which can realize the control of the AC motor in a rotating two-axis cartesian coordinate system, and the appropriate control of the AC motor in the two-axis current component, which is similar to the control of the DC motor and has the equivalent performance of the DC motor.

Characteristic

1, can replace DC motor speed regulation, inverter + frequency conversion motor speed regulation, asynchronous motor + reducer speed regulation;

2, with the advantages of traditional DC motor, but also cancel the carbon brush, slip ring structure;

3, can run at low speed and high power, can save the reducer directly drive large load;

4, small size, light weight, large output;

5, excellent torque characteristics, medium and low speed torque performance is good, starting torque is large, starting current is small;

6, stepless speed regulation, wide speed range, strong overload capacity;

7, soft start and soft stop, good braking characteristics, can save the original mechanical braking or electromagnetic braking device;

8, high efficiency, the motor itself has no excitation loss and carbon brush loss, eliminating the multi-stage deceleration consumption, the comprehensive power saving rate can reach 20%~60%.

9, high reliability, good stability, strong adaptability, simple maintenance and maintenance;

10, bumpy vibration resistance, low noise, small vibration, smooth operation, long life;

11, no spark, especially suitable for explosive places, explosion-proof type;

12, according to the need to choose trapezoidal wave magnetic field motor and sine wave magnetic field motor

Application

Brushless DC motor applications are very wide, such as automotive, tools, industrial control, automation and aerospace and so on. In general, brushless DC motors can be divided into the following three main uses:

Continuous load applications: mainly require a certain speed but the speed accuracy is not high in the field, such as fans, pumps, hair dryers and other applications, such applications are low cost and mostly open loop control.

Variable load applications: Mainly applications where the speed needs to vary within a certain range, there is a higher demand for motor speed characteristics and dynamic response time characteristics. Such as household appliances, drying machines and compressors are a good example, the automotive industry in the oil pump control, electrical controller, engine control, etc., the system cost of such applications is relatively higher.

Positioning applications: Most industrial control and automatic control applications belong to this category, such applications often complete the transmission of energy, so the dynamic response and torque of the speed have special requirements, and the requirements of the controller are also high. The speed measurement may use photoelectric and some synchronization equipment. Process control, machine control, and transportation control are many of these applications.

Practical new brushless motor is closely related to the development of electronic technology, microelectronics technology, digital technology, automatic control technology and material science. It is not limited to the field of AC and DC, but also involves the field of electric power, power generation energy conversion and signal sensing. In the field of motors, there are many varieties of new brushless motors, but the brushless motors with excellent performance are not widely used due to price restrictions. The following are the main new brushless motor to explore and research.